Short answer: For most long-term investors, low-cost index ETFs are superior to listed investment companies (LICs) due to:
- Lower fees (typically 0.1–0.3% p.a. vs 1%+ for LICs)
- Greater transparency (daily disclosure vs monthly)
- Higher liquidity (market maker support keeps prices close to NAV)
- Better tax efficiency
- More consistent long-term performance
However, some actively managed LICs may outperform in certain years. The trade-off is higher fees, potential discounts to asset value, and less predictable outcomes.
Below we compare LICs and ETFs across structure, fees, tax, liquidity and performance using ASX data to 31 December 2025.
What is a LIC
A Listed Investment Company (LIC) is an actively managed investment fund structured as a company and listed on the ASX.
Investors buy shares in the company, which pools capital to invest in a portfolio of assets such as Australian shares, global shares, bonds or alternatives. Investors buy and sell shares in the LIC to each other. This means no one can sell shares in a LIC unless someone is willing to buy them at the offered price.
LICs pay company tax (currently 30%) on earnings and can choose to pay distributions to investors in the form of dividends, including any attached franking credits.
Key characteristics of LICs:
- Structured as a company (not a trust)
- Pay company tax (currently 30%)
- Can pay fully franked dividends
- Shares trade on the ASX like ordinary stocks
- Can trade at a discount or premium to Net Asset Value (NAV)
As at 31 December 2025, there are 89 LICs listed on the ASX with a combined value of almost $57 billion. Around half invest primarily in Australian shares.
What is an ETF?
An Exchange Traded Fund (ETF) is typically a unit trust that tracks an index (though some are actively managed).
Investors buy units in the trust, which holds the underlying assets.
Key characteristics of ETFs:
- Usually passive index-tracking
- Typically low fees
- Daily portfolio disclosure
- Market makers help keep trading prices close to NAV
- Typically tax-efficient structure
ETFs have grown rapidly in Australia over the past decade due to their low cost and simplicity.
The history of LICs
Listed investment companies (LICs) used to be one of the best ways for investors to gain access to a range of shares in one transaction.
Throughout the 20th century, ASX-listed LICs became popular with everyday Australians due to the diversification they offered across sectors and countries.
Fast forward to 2022 and the case for LICs no longer stacks up for investors when compared to exchange traded funds (ETFs). Our analysis reveals ETFs are superior across most measures: transparency, liquidity, certainty, fees, tax efficiency, and most importantly, returns.
When you look at the data, this becomes even more evident:
- As at 31 December 2025 more than 40% of Australian share LICs underperformed the broad Australian market (XJOAI: 6.84% over 1 year).
- The average management fee of a LIC is over 1% p.a. (5x a typical ETF). This doesn’t include performance fees and the tax drag of a LICs higher portfolio turnover from more active trading.
- LICs regularly trade at a discount to their asset value (on average 10%). Investors have no certainty they’ll be getting fair value when they buy and sell. LICs can also issue new shares which dilute the shareholding of existing investors.
Why are LICs still popular?
Unfortunately, many stockbrokers and financial advisers continue to recommend LICs instead of lower cost index ETFs. This baffles us since ETFs have clear benefits over LICs, including lower fees, greater transparency, and better performance.
As with most aspects of the finance industry, the motivation is largely self-interest. Stockbrokers and financial advisers were paid a healthy commission, known as a stamping fee, to recommend new LICs to their clients.
Once the LIC is listed and the stockbrokers and advisers have collected their commissions most LICs trade well below their net asset value (NAV).
LICs were an excellent example of a loophole in the Australian investment industry that prioritised the financial remuneration of those selling investments over the financial wellbeing and best interest of their clients, everyday Australians.
Stockspot has long campaigned against unfair fees in superannuation and managed funds. LICs are no different. Thankfully, the government banned these commissions in May 2020. Stockspot’s research featured in ASIC’s recommendation to the Treasurer.
This has levelled the playing field for investors so Australian consumers start to get better advice from their advisers and stockbrokers.
Why do LICs trade at a discount to their Net Asset Value (NAV)
Unlike ETFs most LICs trade at a discount to their Net Asset Value or NAV (average discount is 10%). LIC prices are determined entirely by supply and demand.
One reason for this discount is the shareholders’ view of the additional value brought by the fund manager. If LIC shareholders think that the fund manager will provide no additional value the LIC will trade at a discount to the value of the underlying assets.
If investors believe:
- The manager will underperform
- Fees are too high
- Liquidity is low
The share price may fall below the value of the underlying assets.
For example, if the investments inside a LIC are worth $1, a typical LIC would trade on the ASX at $0.90. These discounts can persist for years and are not guaranteed to close.
The size of the discount depends on the management fee, which is a drag on future returns. For example, if the underlying assets are expected to produce a 10% p.a. return and the management fee is 1% p.a. the shares are likely to trade at a 10% discount (given the total return after fees is 9%).
If shareholders think that management can deliver an additional 1% p.a. return and the management fee is 1% p.a. then the shares will trade at the value of the underlying assets.
Herein lies one of the main problems with LICs: investors rarely get what they pay for as they rely on other investors in the same LIC to buy off them when they decide to sell.
Most LICs trade at a discount to their Net Asset Value (NAV) as shown in the following table of the ASX-listed LICs. Note that the average discount to NAV is around 10%. This means, on average, if the assets that make up a LIC are worth $100, then they are trading at $90.
Why is the share value of a LIC different from the underlying value of its assets?
LICs that have large premiums or discounts have been removed from the graph for simplicity.
However, many LICs trade at discounts much greater than just taking into account their management fee. This is partly because investors have formed the view that management will underperform the market and partly because of the illiquidity of the LIC itself. A seller of an unloved and ignored LIC may have trouble finding buyers at any price.
Comparing LICs vs ETFs
We recently discussed the key differences between ETFs and LICs and also provided some context as to why ETFs have been growing faster.
| ETFs | LICs | |
| Transparency | ETFs must disclose their portfolio at the end of each trading day. | LICs do not disclose their portfolio until a reporting deadline, generally monthly. The portfolio which is disclosed is already out of date. |
| Liquidity | ETFs have market makers which stand in the market to buy or sell at prices very close to NAV. Indicative NAV (iNAV) is updated every 30 seconds allowing the market makers to trade at close to real time values. | LICs rely on buyers and sellers for liquidity. |
| Tax | ETFs put taxable income in the hands of the unitholder and there is less turnover of underlying assets and therefore lower realisation of capital gains. | LICs are entities that pay tax and dividends. The investor is therefore at the mercy of the LIC dividend and franking credit policy as well as realisation of capital gains. |
Tax differences between LICs and ETFs
LICs pay company tax on their income before distributing it to shareholders. This means LIC investors are entitled to receive fully franked dividends.
However, LICs tend to have much higher portfolio turnover than index ETFs, which creates an ongoing ‘tax drag’ from realising more capital gains each year.
ETFs distribute income on a pre-tax basis and pass on any franking credits received by Australian companies they’ve invested in. Distributions from the Vanguard Australian Shares Index ETF (VAS) are about 70% franked.
The creation and redemption process for ETF units is also tax efficient since there is no asset sale and no capital gains when units are created or redeemed. The ETF issuer can select which shares to use, so it will pick those with a low cost base, reducing the ETF’s tax burden.
The reason most LICs underperform is high fees
On average LIC costs are 5x more than a typical index ETF and that’s before the LICs costs of buying and selling shares, performance fees, tax impacts of high portfolio turnover, and the dilution impact of LICs issuing more shares.
The impact of high costs becomes more apparent with each passing year as LICs find it more and more difficult to generate sufficient returns to make up for the drag of their costs.
This is one reason why we have since 2014 advised clients to invest in the Vanguard Australian Shares Index ETF (VAS) rather than use LICs that invest in Australian shares.
Performance of the largest Australian share market LICs vs ETFs
Many Australian investors would be familiar with Australian Foundation Investment Company (AFI), which remains the largest and most established LIC with approximately $9.0 billion in funds under management. It is also the oldest LIC on the market, having listed in 1936.
Argo Investments (ARG) is the second-largest traditional LIC, managing around $6.9 billion.
Among other large Australian equity LICs:
- WAM Capital (WAM) manages approximately $2.0 billion
- WAM Leaders (WLE) manages approximately $1.8 billion
- BKI Investment Company (BKI) and Australian United Investment Company (AUI) each manage around $1.4 billion
| TICKER | NAME | FUM ($B) | 1-YEAR RETURN | 5-YEAR RETURNS (P.A.) |
| S&P/ASX 200 Accumulation (market index) | ||||
| AFI | Australian Foundation Investment Company Limited | $9.0b | 3.0% | 4.7% |
| ARG | Argo Investments Limited | $6.9b | 7.5% | 7.1% |
| AUI | Australian United Investment Company Limited | $1.4b | 14.3% | 10.3% |
| WAM | WAM Capital Limited | $2.0b | 28.6% | 7.6% |
| BKI | BKI Investment Company Limited | $1.4b | 8.2% | 8.9% |
| WLE | WAM Leaders Limited | $1.8b | 17.0% | 8.6% |
| Average LIC Return | 13.1% | 7.9% | ||
| VAS | Vanguard Australian Shares Index ETF | $22.6b | 11.9% | 11.1% |
| STW | SPDR S&P/ASX 200 | $6.2b | 11.4% | 11.2% |
| Average ETF Return | 11.7% | 11.2% |
Performance of the largest global share market LICs vs ETFs
| TICKER | NAME | FUM ($B) | 1-YEAR RETURN | 5-YEAR RETURNS (P.A.) |
| MSCI World Ex Australian Index Unhedged (market index) | ||||
| LSF | L1 Long Short Fund Limited | $2.5b | 47.5% | 21.4% |
| MFF | MFF Capital Investments Limited | $3.0b | 13.1% | 18.5% |
| PGF | PM Capital Global Opportunities Fund Limited | $1.4b | 40.8% | 28.9% |
| WGB | WAM Global Limited | $0.9b | 22.1% | 9.0% |
| RG1 | Regal Partners Global Investments Limited | $0.5b | 33.5% | 7.7% |
| Average LIC Return | 31.4% | 17.1% | ||
| IOO | iShares Global 100 ETF | $5.4b | 17.9% | 19.8% |
| VGS | Vanguard MSCI Index International Shares ETF | $14.2b | 12.9% | 15.6% |
| Average ETF Return | 15.4% | 17.7% |
We’ve published articles in the past about Australians’ preference to invest in Australian shares. For investors wanting exposure to shares in global markets like the USA, Europe and Asia, ETFs provide more consistent performance and are a better, transparent way to access these markets.
Sometimes a LIC will perform well but performance tends to fluctuate. According to S&P, only 1 in 10 U.S. share funds have beaten the index over 15 years.
This is why we advise clients to invest in the iShares S&P Global 100 Index ETF (IOO) rather than use LICs that invest in global shares.
Best performing LICs in 2026
Based on the 1-year total return data to 31 December 2025:
- There are 89 LICs listed.
- 11 LICs recorded a negative 1-year return.
- That means approximately 12% of LICs had a negative return over the past year
- The average LIC 1-year return is 13.1%
The strongest-performing category over the past year was Global equities, with several global LICs posting very strong returns.
The best-performing LIC over 1 year was LRT (L1 Long Short Fund), which returned 112.3%.
| ASX CODE | LIC NAME | 1-YEAR RETURN |
| LRT | L1 Long Short Fund Limited | 112.3% |
| NAC | NAOS Emerging Opportunities Company Limited | 95.6% |
| LSX | Lion Selection Group Limited | 89.3% |
Worst performing LICs in 2025
The worst-performing LIC was H&G High Conviction Limited (HCF), which declined 95.95% over the past year.
The three worst-performing LICs over 1 year were:
- HCF (H&G High Conviction Limited): -96.0%
- ECP (EC Pohl & Co): -20.1%
- AMH (AMCIL Limited): -6.8%
While HCF sits in the Australian small/mid-cap category, the three worst performers were not all from the same segment, reflecting that underperformance was more dispersed across categories this year.
There remains heightened risk when investing in highly concentrated portfolios, particularly those described as “high conviction” strategies. Funds that hold a small number of stocks, often with exposure to more volatile sectors, can experience significant performance swings, both positive and negative.
| ASX CODE | LIC NAME | 1 YEAR RETURN |
| HCF | H&G High Conviction Limited | -96.0% |
| ECP | EC Pohl & Co Limited | -20.1% |
| AMH | AMCIL Limited | -6.8% |
Stockspot’s view
Every year a handful of LICs perform well, but fund manager performance is inconsistent and almost impossible to predict. Of the top 25% of active Australian share funds in 2017, only 3% remained in the top quartile by 2022.
LICs served a purpose about 30 years ago but the investment world has moved on. In a country like Australia, it was puzzling that stock brokers and financial advisers were not regulated to act in the best interests of their clients.
After years of loud voices from LIC lobby groups, the Australian government has finally acted to close the LIC stamping fee loophole.
It has further accelerated the trend we are seeing of more Australians turning to low cost investment options like ETFs to help manage their money. ETFs have clearly demonstrated, even during market downturns, their liquidity, superior performance and tax efficient structure.
